A theoretical analysis of social entrepreneurship: The case of Poland and South Africa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v8i1.596Keywords:
social entrepreneurship; barriers; policy and government support; Poland; South AfricaAbstract
As global trends are moving more towards social inclusion and green entrepreneurship many countries are changing the way they do business. This has sparked an interest in social entrepreneurship. Although much research has been conducted on this issue, fewer country comparisons are available and these could lead to an improved understanding of the topic. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide a theoretical analysis of social entrepreneurship comparing Poland and South Africa specifically focusing on the history, challenges, policy, and government support initiatives. The study followed a qualitative approach using document analysis by way of an intensive literature study. Findings indicated that social entrepreneurship is a global phenomenon and although it is of imperative importance as a means to improved social conditions, several barriers and challenges are prevalent. As with traditional for-profit businesses, social enterprises’ main barrier is access to finance.
References
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Chakrabarty, B. 2014. “Communism in India: Events, Processes and Ideologies”, New Delhi: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199974894.001.0001
Choi, N., and S. Majumdar. 2014. “Social entrepreneurship as an essentially contested concept: Opening a new avenue for systematic future research”. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(3): 363-376.
Ciepielewska-Kowalik A., Pieli?ski, B., Starnawska, M. and Szyma?ska, A. (2015) Social enterprise in Poland: institutional and historical context, ICSEM Working Papers, No. 11, Liege: The International Comparative Social Enterprise Models (ICSEM) Project, pp. 1-32. https://www.iap-socent.be/sites/default/files/Poland%20-%20Ciepielewska-Kowalik%20et%20al.pdf . Last accessed: 10 April 2020
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Drayton, B. 2011. Collaborative Entrepreneurship How Social Entrepreneurs Have Learned to Tip the World by Working in Global Teams. MIT Press with Harvard University and George Mason University.
Ferencikova, S. 2018. Internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises from central and eastern Europe: A theoretical framework. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research, 5(2):1-9.
Fin24. 2018. SA's social entrepreneurs - going from surviving to thriving https://www.fin24.com/Opinion/sas-social-entrepreneurs-going-from-surviving-to-thriving-20180615. Last Accessed: 10 February 2020.
GIBS. 2018. Social enterprises in South Africa discovering a vibrant sector. Gordon Institute of Business, University of Pretoria.
Greblikaite, J., W. Sroka, and N. Gerulaitiene. 2016. “Involving young people in Polish and Lithuanian social enterprises by fostering entrepreneurial skills and abilities as entrepreneurial opportunity at university”. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 4(3): 131-152. https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2016.040310.
Greblikaite, J., W. Sroka, and J. Grants. 2015. “Development of Social Entrepreneurship in European Union: Policy and Situation of Lithuania and Poland”. Transformations in Business & Economics, 14(2B(35B): 376-396.
Herbst, J. 2008. Polski trzeci sektor w ?wietle teorii przedsi?biorstwa spo?ecznego, in: J.D?browska (Ed.), Od trzeciego sektora do przedsi?biorczo?ci spo?ecznej – wyniki bada? ekonomii spo?ecznej w Polsce, Warszawa: Stowarzyszenie Klon/Jawor
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Huysamen, G. K. 1994. “Methodology for the social and behavioural sciences”. Southern Book Publishers.
Jerzemowska, M., A. Golec, B. Gabriel, O. Martyniuk, and E. Soko?owska. 2013. Corporate governance in Poland: strengths, weaknesses and challenges. (In 5th International Conference" Economic challenges in enlarged Europe"). Tallinn University of Technology.
Kliestikova, J., Janoskova, K. 2017. “Branding with understanding: How national profile of consumer influences brand value perception”. Marketing and Management of Innovations, 3, 149-157. DOI: 10.21272/mmi.2017.3-14.
Lin, S. 2019. “These social entrepreneurship trends will hit all the emotions in 2020.” https://gritdaily.com/social-entrepreneurship-trends-2020/. Last accessed: 5 January 2020.
Littlewood, D. and D. Holt, 2018. “Social entrepreneurship in South Africa: Exploring the influence of environment”. Business & Society, 57(3): 525-561.
Littlewood, D., and D. Holt. 2015. “Social entrepreneurship in South Africa: Exploring the influence of environment”. Business & Society, 0007650315613293.
Mair, J., J. Robinson, and K. Hockerts. 2006. Social Entrepreneruship. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Manyaka-Boshielo, S. J. 2017. “Social entrepreneurship as a way of developing sustainable township economies”. HTS Theological Studies, 73(4): 1-10.
Martin, R. L., and S. Osberg. 2007. “Social entrepreneurship: The case for definition.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, 5(2): 28-39.
Meyer, N. 2018. South African female entrepreneurs’ intention to remain in business. Vanderbijlpark: North-West University (Doctoral thesis).
Moss, T. W., G. T. Lumpkin, and J. Short. 2008. The dependent variables of social entrepreneurship research. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research: 28(21): Article 3.
Neck, H., C. Brush, and E. Allen. 2009. “The landscape of social entrepreneurship”. Business Horizons, 52(1): 13-19.
Nieuwenhuizen, C. 2016. “Entrepreneurial intentions amongst Master of Business students in efficiency-driven economies: South Africa and Poland”. Southern African Business Review, 20(1): 313-335.
OECD/European Union. 2017. “Main trends in social enterprise development” in: Boosting Social Enterprise Development: Good Practice Compendium, OECD Publishing, Paris. DOI: 10.1787/9789264268500-4-en
Pacut, A. 2018. Rozwój przedsi?biorczo?ci spo?ecznej w Polsce –trajektoria zmian i rola otoczenia instytucjonalnego, PhD thesis, Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Krakowie Wydzia? Gospodarki i Administracji Publicznej.
Praszkier, R., A. Zab?ocka-Bursa, and E. Jozwik. 2014. “Social Enterprise, Social Innovation and Social Entrepreneurship in Poland: A National Report”, November 2014. University of Warsaw. Retrieved from: http://ashoka-cee.org/poland/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2017/03/EFESEIIS-National-Report-Poland.pdf. Last accessed: 10 January 2020.
Praszkier, R., and A. Nowak. 2012. Social Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Prinsloo, F. C. 2012. Good Governance in South Africa: A Critical Analysis. Public Development Management: University of Stellenbosch.
Rondinelli, D. A. and G. S. Cheema. 2003. Reinventing government for the twenty-first century: An introduction. Reinventing government for the twenty-first century: state capacity in a globalizing society. Bloomfield: Kumarian Press, pp1-13.
Roth, K. and T. Kostova. 2003. Organizational coping with institutional upheaval in transition economies. Journal of World Business, 38: 314-330.
Shpak N., L. Satalkina, W. Sroka, and S. Hittmar. 2017. “The social direction of enterprises’ innovation activity”. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 16(1): 187-201.
Smith, W. K., M. Gonin, and M. L. Besharov. 2013. “Managing social-business tensions: A review and research agenda for social enterprise”. Business Ethics Quarterly, 23(3): 407-442.
Swart, J. J., M. J. Swanepoel, and J. Surujlal. 2014. A critical analysis of government spending on sport. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, October 2014 (Supplement 2.2): 251-265.
Teles, D. and C. Schachtebeck. 2019. “Entrepreneurial Orientation in South African Social Enterprises’. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 7(3): 82-97.
Temple, N. 2017. The Future of Business: State of Social Enterprise Survey 2017, Social Enterprise UK. https://sewfonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/2017-State-of-Social-Enterprise.pdf. Last Accessed: 8 April 2017.
The Presidency. 2012. National Development Plan 2030: Our future-make it work. Pretoria: Government Printer.
Trading Economics. 2019. Unemployment rate. https://tradingeconomics.com/south-africa/unemployment-rate . Last accessed: 8 August 2019.
United Nations. 2019. Country Classifications. https://www.un.org/development/ desa/dpad/tag/ country-classifications/. Last accessed: 11 August 2019.
Urban, B. 2008. “Social entrepreneurship in South Africa: Delineating the construct with associated skills”. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 14(5): 346-364.
Urban, B. and H. Teise. 2015. “Antecedents to social entrepreneurship intentions: An empirical study in South Africa”. Management Dynamics: Journal of the Southern African Institute for Management Scientists, 24(2): 36-52.
Urmanaviciene A., and J. Cizikiene. 2017. “The challenges of managing of voluntary work in social enterprises”. Forum Scientiae Oeconomia, 5(3): 89-100. DOI: 10.23762/FSO_VOL5NO3_17_.
Villeneuve-Smith, F., and N. Temple. 2015. “Leading the World in Social Enterprise”, Social Enterprise: UK.
Waligóra, A. 2018. “Potencja? przedsi?biorczo?ci spo?ecznej w turystyce”. Studia Oeconomica Posnaniensia, 6(10): 111-120. DOI: 10.18559/SOEP.2018.10.7
Webmaster. 2011. Students explore social entrepreneurship in post-apartheid South Africa. https://www.northeastern.edu/sei/2011/09/students-explore-social-entrepreneurship-in-post-apartheid-south-africa/. Last Accessed: 12 February 2020.
World Bank. 2020. The World Bank in South Africa: Overview. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/southafrica/overview. Last Accessed: 7 March 2020.
Zahra, S. A., E. Gedajlovic, D. O. Neubaum, and J. M. Shulman. 2009. “A typology of social entrepreneurs: Motives, search processes and ethical challenges”. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(5): 519-532.
Alexander, M. 2017. The National Development Plan: A vision for 2030. https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/ndp/the-national-development-plan-a-vision-for-2030. Last Accessed: 6 March 2017.
Babbie, E. 2001. “The Practice of Social Research”. (9th Ed.). Belmont, CA, Wadsworth Thomson Learning.
Berryman, D. R. 2019. “Ontology, Epistemology, Methodology, and Methods: Information for Librarian Researchers”. Medical reference services quarterly, 38(3): 271-279.
Bobby-Evans, A. 2015. Apartheid legislation in South Africa. http://africanhistory.about.com/library/bl/blsalaws.htm. Last accessed: 3 September 2015.
Bosma, N., T. Schott, S. Terjesen, and P. Kew. 2015. “Special Topic Report: Social Entrepreneurship, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor”. Babson College. https://www.gemconsortium.org/file/open?fileId=49542. Last Accessed: 28 September 28 2017.
Bowen, G. A. 2009. “Document analysis as a qualitative research method”. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2): 27-40.
Bray, R. 2012. Roddy Bray's Story-Letters from Southern Africa. http://www.capetown.at/letters/soc_entrep.htm. Last Accessed: 7 March 2020.
British Council. 2016. “Social enterprise in a global context: The role of Higher Education Institutions. Country Brief: South Africa”. Plymouth University.
Chakrabarty, B. 2014. “Communism in India: Events, Processes and Ideologies”, New Delhi: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199974894.001.0001
Choi, N., and S. Majumdar. 2014. “Social entrepreneurship as an essentially contested concept: Opening a new avenue for systematic future research”. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(3): 363-376.
Ciepielewska-Kowalik A., Pieli?ski, B., Starnawska, M. and Szyma?ska, A. (2015) Social enterprise in Poland: institutional and historical context, ICSEM Working Papers, No. 11, Liege: The International Comparative Social Enterprise Models (ICSEM) Project, pp. 1-32. https://www.iap-socent.be/sites/default/files/Poland%20-%20Ciepielewska-Kowalik%20et%20al.pdf . Last accessed: 10 April 2020
Ciepielewska-Kowalik, A. 2013. “Trends and challenges for social enterprises in Poland. A new model of social investments and social cohesion. Paper presented at 4th EMES International Research Conference on Social Enterprise “If Not For Profit, For What? And How?”, July 1-4, 2013, University of Liege, Liege.
Ciepielewska-Kowalik, A. 2015. “Socio-economic, political and historical context of the emergence of the Social Economy in childcare in Poland (1989-2014). Looking for social inclusion and cohesion enhancement” http://www.ciriec2015.com/resources/files/CIRIEC2015_0259_paper.pdf. Last accessed: 20 November 2019.
Corbin, J. A. and A. Strauss. 2008. Basics of Qualitative Research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Drayton, B. 2011. Collaborative Entrepreneurship How Social Entrepreneurs Have Learned to Tip the World by Working in Global Teams. MIT Press with Harvard University and George Mason University.
Ferencikova, S. 2018. Internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises from central and eastern Europe: A theoretical framework. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research, 5(2):1-9.
Fin24. 2018. SA's social entrepreneurs - going from surviving to thriving https://www.fin24.com/Opinion/sas-social-entrepreneurs-going-from-surviving-to-thriving-20180615. Last Accessed: 10 February 2020.
GIBS. 2018. Social enterprises in South Africa discovering a vibrant sector. Gordon Institute of Business, University of Pretoria.
Greblikaite, J., W. Sroka, and N. Gerulaitiene. 2016. “Involving young people in Polish and Lithuanian social enterprises by fostering entrepreneurial skills and abilities as entrepreneurial opportunity at university”. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 4(3): 131-152. https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2016.040310.
Greblikaite, J., W. Sroka, and J. Grants. 2015. “Development of Social Entrepreneurship in European Union: Policy and Situation of Lithuania and Poland”. Transformations in Business & Economics, 14(2B(35B): 376-396.
Herbst, J. 2008. Polski trzeci sektor w ?wietle teorii przedsi?biorstwa spo?ecznego, in: J.D?browska (Ed.), Od trzeciego sektora do przedsi?biorczo?ci spo?ecznej – wyniki bada? ekonomii spo?ecznej w Polsce, Warszawa: Stowarzyszenie Klon/Jawor
Herrington, M., J. Kew, and P. Kew. 2010. “Tracking entrepreneurship in South Africa - a GEM Perspective”. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (Vol. 1). Cape Town: Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town. http://doi.org/10.1017/ CBO9781107415324.004
Huysamen, G. K. 1994. “Methodology for the social and behavioural sciences”. Southern Book Publishers.
Jerzemowska, M., A. Golec, B. Gabriel, O. Martyniuk, and E. Soko?owska. 2013. Corporate governance in Poland: strengths, weaknesses and challenges. (In 5th International Conference" Economic challenges in enlarged Europe"). Tallinn University of Technology.
Kliestikova, J., Janoskova, K. 2017. “Branding with understanding: How national profile of consumer influences brand value perception”. Marketing and Management of Innovations, 3, 149-157. DOI: 10.21272/mmi.2017.3-14.
Lin, S. 2019. “These social entrepreneurship trends will hit all the emotions in 2020.” https://gritdaily.com/social-entrepreneurship-trends-2020/. Last accessed: 5 January 2020.
Littlewood, D. and D. Holt, 2018. “Social entrepreneurship in South Africa: Exploring the influence of environment”. Business & Society, 57(3): 525-561.
Littlewood, D., and D. Holt. 2015. “Social entrepreneurship in South Africa: Exploring the influence of environment”. Business & Society, 0007650315613293.
Mair, J., J. Robinson, and K. Hockerts. 2006. Social Entrepreneruship. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Manyaka-Boshielo, S. J. 2017. “Social entrepreneurship as a way of developing sustainable township economies”. HTS Theological Studies, 73(4): 1-10.
Martin, R. L., and S. Osberg. 2007. “Social entrepreneurship: The case for definition.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, 5(2): 28-39.
Meyer, N. 2018. South African female entrepreneurs’ intention to remain in business. Vanderbijlpark: North-West University (Doctoral thesis).
Moss, T. W., G. T. Lumpkin, and J. Short. 2008. The dependent variables of social entrepreneurship research. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research: 28(21): Article 3.
Neck, H., C. Brush, and E. Allen. 2009. “The landscape of social entrepreneurship”. Business Horizons, 52(1): 13-19.
Nieuwenhuizen, C. 2016. “Entrepreneurial intentions amongst Master of Business students in efficiency-driven economies: South Africa and Poland”. Southern African Business Review, 20(1): 313-335.
OECD/European Union. 2017. “Main trends in social enterprise development” in: Boosting Social Enterprise Development: Good Practice Compendium, OECD Publishing, Paris. DOI: 10.1787/9789264268500-4-en
Pacut, A. 2018. Rozwój przedsi?biorczo?ci spo?ecznej w Polsce –trajektoria zmian i rola otoczenia instytucjonalnego, PhD thesis, Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Krakowie Wydzia? Gospodarki i Administracji Publicznej.
Praszkier, R., A. Zab?ocka-Bursa, and E. Jozwik. 2014. “Social Enterprise, Social Innovation and Social Entrepreneurship in Poland: A National Report”, November 2014. University of Warsaw. Retrieved from: http://ashoka-cee.org/poland/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2017/03/EFESEIIS-National-Report-Poland.pdf. Last accessed: 10 January 2020.
Praszkier, R., and A. Nowak. 2012. Social Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Prinsloo, F. C. 2012. Good Governance in South Africa: A Critical Analysis. Public Development Management: University of Stellenbosch.
Rondinelli, D. A. and G. S. Cheema. 2003. Reinventing government for the twenty-first century: An introduction. Reinventing government for the twenty-first century: state capacity in a globalizing society. Bloomfield: Kumarian Press, pp1-13.
Roth, K. and T. Kostova. 2003. Organizational coping with institutional upheaval in transition economies. Journal of World Business, 38: 314-330.
Shpak N., L. Satalkina, W. Sroka, and S. Hittmar. 2017. “The social direction of enterprises’ innovation activity”. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 16(1): 187-201.
Smith, W. K., M. Gonin, and M. L. Besharov. 2013. “Managing social-business tensions: A review and research agenda for social enterprise”. Business Ethics Quarterly, 23(3): 407-442.
Swart, J. J., M. J. Swanepoel, and J. Surujlal. 2014. A critical analysis of government spending on sport. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, October 2014 (Supplement 2.2): 251-265.
Teles, D. and C. Schachtebeck. 2019. “Entrepreneurial Orientation in South African Social Enterprises’. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 7(3): 82-97.
Temple, N. 2017. The Future of Business: State of Social Enterprise Survey 2017, Social Enterprise UK. https://sewfonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/2017-State-of-Social-Enterprise.pdf. Last Accessed: 8 April 2017.
The Presidency. 2012. National Development Plan 2030: Our future-make it work. Pretoria: Government Printer.
Trading Economics. 2019. Unemployment rate. https://tradingeconomics.com/south-africa/unemployment-rate . Last accessed: 8 August 2019.
United Nations. 2019. Country Classifications. https://www.un.org/development/ desa/dpad/tag/ country-classifications/. Last accessed: 11 August 2019.
Urban, B. 2008. “Social entrepreneurship in South Africa: Delineating the construct with associated skills”. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 14(5): 346-364.
Urban, B. and H. Teise. 2015. “Antecedents to social entrepreneurship intentions: An empirical study in South Africa”. Management Dynamics: Journal of the Southern African Institute for Management Scientists, 24(2): 36-52.
Urmanaviciene A., and J. Cizikiene. 2017. “The challenges of managing of voluntary work in social enterprises”. Forum Scientiae Oeconomia, 5(3): 89-100. DOI: 10.23762/FSO_VOL5NO3_17_.
Villeneuve-Smith, F., and N. Temple. 2015. “Leading the World in Social Enterprise”, Social Enterprise: UK.
Waligóra, A. 2018. “Potencja? przedsi?biorczo?ci spo?ecznej w turystyce”. Studia Oeconomica Posnaniensia, 6(10): 111-120. DOI: 10.18559/SOEP.2018.10.7
Webmaster. 2011. Students explore social entrepreneurship in post-apartheid South Africa. https://www.northeastern.edu/sei/2011/09/students-explore-social-entrepreneurship-in-post-apartheid-south-africa/. Last Accessed: 12 February 2020.
World Bank. 2020. The World Bank in South Africa: Overview. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/southafrica/overview. Last Accessed: 7 March 2020.
Zahra, S. A., E. Gedajlovic, D. O. Neubaum, and J. M. Shulman. 2009. “A typology of social entrepreneurs: Motives, search processes and ethical challenges”. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(5): 519-532.
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2021-03-08
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Meyer, N., & Sroka, W. . (2021). A theoretical analysis of social entrepreneurship: The case of Poland and South Africa. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR), 8(1), 133–148. https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v8i1.596
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