Investigating the impact of comfort-zone quality in e-work settings

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v11i5.1768

Keywords:

E-working, E-office Environment, Technology, Boundary Management, Eating Habits, Photovoice, Slovakia, Austria

Abstract

This study analyzes face-to-display workers' environments and investigates how their habits affect both brick-and-mortar and virtual workplaces. A qualitative study with 20 respondents using a photovoice strategy via snowball sampling was employed. The study aims to shed more light on some of the factors associated with the e-workplace environment. All respondents stated that work cannot be done efficiently and effectively without a comfortable workspace. Data demonstrate that the blurring of the distinction between home and office as a workspace has undeniably accelerated recently. Results show that work-anywhere technologies have empowered e-workers to be highly productive. For some, the balance between family and work has been a challenge. Males and females proceed completely differently when setting up home offices. Employees see ICT as an enabler and motivator for productivity; however, self-care is becoming a must when working remotely. For many, this is a new experience that they have to adjust to. The results obtained show similarities between brick-and-mortar and virtual workplaces and indicate that there is a process of "domestication," i.e., of moving selected features of the traditional workplace to the home office.

Author Biographies

Michal Beno, Prague City University, School of Business

Dr. Michal Beno is an Associate Lecturer at the School of Business, Prague City University, Czechia. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in International Relations, a Master’s degree in Public Policy and Public Administration, and a PhD in Business Management. His professional interests, research topics, and international collaborations are mainly focused on the development of e-working (work flexibility options) and e-learning in the future. He has published extensively on this topic and has great experience in this field. 

Dagmar Caganova, Comenius University in Bratislava

Dagmar Caganova is a Full Professor in Business Economics and Management and acts as Vice-Rector for Internationalization at Newton University, Prague. She co-founded the European Alliance for Innovation in Slovakia and is an International Advisory Council member of Danubius University. Her professional interests are in Intercultural and Innovation Management, Managerial Skills, Communication in Management and Marketing, International Relationships and Diversity, Mobility, and Smart Cities. Her h-index in WoS is 12 and her SCOPUS h-index is 14.

Adela Poliaková, University of Žilina, Slovakia

Ing. Adela Poliaková, EUR ING, PhD, is an Associate Professor and co-guarantor of the Financial Management study program in the field of Economics and Management at the bachelor's and engineering degree program and a member of the Council of the Study program. Dr. Poliaková is a member of the Association of Slovak Scientific and Technical Societies—Club of Euroengineers in Slovakia.

References

Baker, E., Avery, G. C., & Crawford, J. (2006). Home alone. Information Resources Management Journal, 19(4), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.4018/irmj.2006100101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/irmj.2006100101

Bakhtiyari, M. (2020). Work environment and employee performance: a brief literature review. https://d197for5662m48.cloudfront.net/documents/publicationstatus/28254/preprint_pdf/b81ed99be750186f413e2077ff1b758a.pdf

Becker, F. D. (1990). The Total Workplace: Facilities Management and the Elastic Organization. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 324.

Beno, M. (2021). Working from the Home Office and Homeschool(-ing): Experiences of Austrian Employees (Parents) in the Time of Covid-19. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 11(4), 73-83. https://doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2021-0078 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2021-0078

Beno, M. (2022). Estimating E-workability Components Across Central European Countries. AGRIS online Papers in Economics and Informatics, 14(3), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.7160/aol.2022.140301 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7160/aol.2022.140301

Beno, M. (2023). Re-Establish Home and Work Boundaries by Pseudo-Commute Whilst Working from Home. Central European Business Review, 12(4), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.18267/j.cebr.335 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18267/j.cebr.335

Beno, M., & Hvorecky, J. (2021). Data on an Austrian Company's Productivity in the PreCovid-19 Era, During the Lockdown and After Its Easing: To Work Remotely or Not? Frontiers in Communication, 6(641199), 1- https://doi.org/10. 10.3389/fcomm.2021.641199 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2021.641199

Beno, M., Hvorecky, J, & Caganova, D. (2023). Face-to-Display Workforce: Forfeiting Pay Cuts in Favour of Flexibility. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 12(4), 9-16. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2023-0090 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2023-0090

Beno, M., Krzova, J., & Caganova, D. (2023). Czech workers reconsideration of work from home during COVID-19. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research, 10(2), 339–359. https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v10i2.1125 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v10i2.1125

Berger, D. L. (2023). Does work-life boundary management improve work-life balance for remote workers: A critically appraised topic. Engaged Management Review, 7(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.28953/2375-8643.1128 DOI: https://doi.org/10.28953/2375-8643.1128

Białek-Dratwa, A., Szczepańska, E., Grajek, M., Całyniuk, B., & Staśkiewicz, W. (2022). Health Behaviors and associated feelings of remote workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic – Silesia (Poland). Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.774509 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.774509

Bloom, N., Liang, J., Roberts, J., & Ying, Z. J. (2015). Does working from home work? Evidence from a Chinese experiment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(1), 165-218. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju032

Bogossian, T. P. (2022). Ergonomics in Remote work TV. Journal of Medical & Clinical Nursing, 3(3), 1-5 https://doi.org/10.47363/JMCN/2022(3)146 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47363/JMCN/2022(3)146

Budig, K., Diez, J., Conde, P., Sastre, M., Hernán, M., & Franco, M. (2018). Photovoice and empowerment: evaluating the transformative potential of a participatory action research project. BMC Public Health, 18(432). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5335-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5335-7

Close, H. (2007). The use of photography as a qualitative research tool. Nurse Researcher, 15(1), 27-36. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr2007.10.15.1.27.c6052 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7748/nr2007.10.15.1.27.c6052

Davis, K. G., Kotowski, S. E., & Daniel, D. (2020). The home office: Ergonomic lessons from the "new normal". Ergonomics in Design, 28(4), 4-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1064804620937907 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1064804620937907

Deschasaux-Tanguy, M., Druesne-Pecollo, N., Esseddik, Y, Szabo de Edelenyi F., Allès, B., Andreeva, A. A., Baudry, J., Charreire, H., Deschamps, V., Egnell, M., Fezeu, L. K., Galan, P., Julia, Ch., Kesse-Guyot, E., Latino-Martel, P., Oppert, J., Péneau, S., Verdot, Ch., Hercberg, S., & Touvier, M. (2020). Diet and physical activity during the COVID-19 lockdown period (March-May 2020): results from the French NutriNet-Santé cohort study. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.04.20121855v1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.04.20121855

Donald, I. (1994). Management and change in environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 14(1), 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80195-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80195-1

Duque, L., Costa, R., Dias, Á., Pereira, L., Santos, J., & António, N. (2020). New Ways of Working and the Physical Environment to Improve Employee Engagement. Sustainability, 12(17), 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176759 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176759

EUROSTAT. (2023). Employed persons working from home as a percentage of the total employment, by sex, age and professional status (%). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/lfsa_ehomp/default/table

Eurostat. (2023). Overweight and obesity – BMI Statistics. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Overweight_and_obesity_-_BMI_statistics

Farivar, F., Eshraghian, F., Hafezieh, N., & Cheng, D. (2023). Constant connectivity and boundary management behaviors: the role of human agency. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2023.2271835 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2023.2271835

Flum, R. M., Siqueira, C. E., DeCaro, A., & Redway, S. (2010). Photovoice in the Workplace: A Participatory Method to Give Voice to Workers to Identify Health and Safety Hazards and Promote Workplace Change – a study of University Custodians. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 53(11), 1150-1158. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20873 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20873

Foster-Fishman P., Nowell B., Deacon Z., Nievar, M., & McCann, P. (2005). Using methods that matter: The impact of reflection, dialogue, and voice. American Journal of Community Psychology, 36(3-4), 275-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-005-8626-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-005-8626-y

Franco, L. M., Benett, S., Kanfer, R. & Stubbleine, P. (2000). Health Worker Motivation in Jordan and Georgia: A Synthesis of Results. Major Applied Research 5, Technical Paper 3. Bethesda, MD: Partnerships for Health Reform Project, Abt Associates Inc.

Gardner, B., & Rebar, A. L. (2019). Habit Formation and Behaviour Change. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.129

Gould, S. J. J., Rudnicka, A., Cook, D., Cecchinato, M. E., Newbold, J. W., & Cox, A. L. (2023). Remote work, work measurement and the state of work research in Human-Centred Computing. Interacting With Computers, 35(5), 725-734. https://doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iwad014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iwad014

Gumpel, E. (2020). How to Design the Ideal Home Office. https://www.entrepreneur.com/starting-a-business/how-to-design-the-ideal-home-office/202566

Hennink, M. and Kaiser, B.N. (2022) 'Sample sizes for saturation in qualitative research: A systematic review of empirical tests', Social Science & Medicine, 292, 114523. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114523. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114523

Hilpi, K., Pensar, H., & Rousi, R. (2023). I wouldn't be working this way if I had a family - Differences in remote workers' needs for supervisor's family-supportiveness depending on the parental status. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 147(103939), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2023.103939 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2023.103939

Hornby, P., & Sidney, E. (1998). Motivation and Health Service Performance. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/61596/WHO_EDUC_88.196.pdf

Cho, E. (2020). Examining boundaries to understand the impact of COVID-19 on vocational behaviors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119(103437). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103437 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103437

Janneck, M., Jent, S., Weber, P., & Nissen, H. (2018). Ergonomics to go: Designing the mobile workspace. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 34(11), 1052-1062. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2017.141305 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2017.1413057

Kadale, P. G., Pandey, A. N., & Raje, S. (2018). Challenges of working mothers: balancing motherhood and profession. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 5(7). https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20182620 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20182620

Kanter, R. M. (1977). Work and Family in the United States: A Critical Review and Policy Agenda. Social Science Frontiers, 2, 77-114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1989.00077.x

Knightley, E., Koutsopoulou, G. Z., & Keyworth, C. (2023). Changes in office workers' lived experiences of their own eating habits since working from home due to the COVID-19 pandemic: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Appetite, 188(106760). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2023.106760 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2023.106760

Kreiner, G. E., Hollensbe, E. C., & Sheep, M. L. (2009). Balancing borders and bridges: Negotiating the work-home interface via boundary work tactics. Academy of Management Journal, 52(4), 704-730. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2009.43669916 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.43669916

Lake, A. A., Smith, S. A., Bryant, C. E., Alinia, S., Brandt, K., Seal, Ch. J., & Tetens, I. (2016). Exploring the dynamics of a free fruit at work intervention. BMC Public Health, 16, 839. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3500-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3500-4

Liebenberg, L. (2018). Thinking Critically About Photovoice: Achieving Empowerment and Social Change. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 17(1), https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406918757631 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406918757631

Matli, W., & Wamba, S. F. (2023). Work from anywhere: inequalities in technology infrastructure distribution for digit workers. Digital Transformation and Society, 2(2), 149-162. https://doi.org/10.1108/DTS-08-2022-0042 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/DTS-08-2022-0042

McCoy, J. M., & Evans, G. W. (2005). Physical Work Environment. In: J. Barling, E. K. Kelloway, & M. R. Frone (eds), Handbook of Work Stress, 219-245. SAGE Publication. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412975995.n9

Morganson, V. J., Major, D. A., Oborn, K. L., Verive, J. M., & Heelan, M. P. (2010). Comparing telework locations and traditional work arrangements: Differences in work-life balance support, job satisfaction, and inclusion. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(6), 578-595. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941011056941 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941011056941

Moynihan, A. B., Van Tilburg, W. A. Igou, E. R. Wisman, A., Donnelly, A. E., & Mulcaire, J. B. (2015). Eaten up by boredom: Consuming food to escape awareness of the bored self. Frontiers Psychology, 6(369). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00369 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00369

Nabawanuka, H., & Ekmekçioğlu, E. B. (2022). Workplace bullying and team performance: the mediating role of team psychological contract breach. Team Performance Management, 28(5/6), 331-350. https://doi.org/10.1108/tpm-12-2021-0094 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TPM-12-2021-0094

Naderifar, M., Goli, H., & Ghaljaie, F. (2017). Snowball Sampling: A Purposeful Method of Sampling in Qualitative Research. Strides in Development of Medical Education, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.5812/sdme.67670 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/sdme.67670

Nelson, A. (2014). Men and Women Marking Their Territory. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/he-speaks-she-speaks/201407/men-and-women-marking-their-territory?amp

Opperman C. S. (2002). Tropical business issues. Partner Price Water House Coopers. International Business Review.

Palibroda B., Krieg B., Murdock L., & Havelock, J. (2009). A practical guide to photovoice: Sharing pictures, telling stories and changing communities, Winnipeg, Prairie Women's Health Centre of Excellence.

Pascal, M. (2023). Smart workspaces and the sense of ownership – the impact of the work environment in the emergence of psychological ownership. Network Intelligence Studies, XI(21), 75-84.

Prasad, K., & Satyaprasad, V. (2023). The Relationship between Remote Working and Work-life Balance with Mediating and Moderating Effects of Social Support: An Empirical Study of Information Technology Employees. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 12, 235–253. https://doi.org/10.33844/ijol.2023.60366 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33844/ijol.2023.60366

Quinlan, C., Zikmund, W., Babbin, B., & Carr, J. C. (2011). Business Research Methods. Dublin, Cengage Learning Emea. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72844-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72844-5

Quintiliani, L. M., Poulsen, S., & Sorensen, G. (2010). Healthy eating strategies in the workplace. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 3(3), 182-96. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538351011078929 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17538351011078929

Sato, K., Kobayashi, S., Yamaguchi, M., Sakata, R., Sasaki, Y., Murayama, Ch., & Kondo, N. (2021). Working from home and dietary changes during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study of health app (Calo Mama) users. Appetite, 165, 105323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105323 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105323

Shirmohammadi, M., Beigi, M., Au, W. C., & Tochia, C. (2023). Who moved my boundary? Strategies adopted by families working from home. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 143, 103866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2023.103866 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2023.103866

Schieman, S., Badawy, P. J., Milkie, M. A., & Bierman, A. (2021). Work-Life conflict during the COVID-19 pandemic. Socius, 7, 237802312098285. https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023120982856 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023120982856

Spangler, A., & Williams, V. New rhythms of working: How to work WELL from home. https://resources.wellcertified.com/zh-cn/articles/working-well-from-home/

Stadtlander, L., Sickel, A., La Civita, L., & Giles, M. (2017). Home as Workplace: A Qualitative Case Study of Online Faculty using Photovoice. Journal of Educational Research and Practice, 7(1), 45-59. https://doi.org/10.5590/JERAP.2017.07.1.04 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5590/JERAP.2017.07.1.04

Steelcase. Work From Home Boundaries You Need to Adopt. https://www.steelcase.com/research/articles/topics/hybrid-work/work-home-boundaries-need-adopt/

Stup. R. (2003). Control the Factors that Influence Employee Success. https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/18144132/control-the-factors-that-influence-employee-success-penn-state

Sundstrom, E. D. (1986). Work places: the psychology of the physical environment in offices and factories. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 461 p.

Sutton-Brown, C. A. (2014). Photovoice: A Methodological Guide. Photography and Culture, 7(2), 169-185. https://doi.org/10.2752/175145214X13999922103165 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2752/175145214X13999922103165

Tan, C. X., Goh, S. D., Tan, S. S., & Tan, S. T. (2022). Eating behaviour among remote working adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nutrition & Food Science, 52(8), 1302-1313. https://doi.org/10.1108/NFS-11-2021-0331 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/NFS-11-2021-0331

The Myers-Briggs Company. (2019). Type and the always-on culture. https://ap.themyersbriggs.com/content/Type_and_the_always_on_culture__TheMyersBriggsCo_2019.pdf

Tracy, S.J. (2020). Qualitative research methods: Collecting evidence, crafting analysis, communicating impact (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons

Urbaniec, M., Małkowska, A., & Włodarkiewicz-Klimek, H. (2022). The Impact of Technological Developments on Remote Working: Insights from the Polish Managers' Perspective. Sustainability, 14(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010552 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010552

Virtanen, J., Penttinen, M. A., Laaksonen, M., Erkkola, M., Vepsäläinen, H., Kautiainen, H., & Korhonen, P. (2022). The Relationship between Dietary Habits and Work Engagement among Female Finnish Municipal Employees. Nutrients, 14(6), 1267. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061267 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061267

Wang, C. (2006). Youth participation in Photovoice as a strategy for community change. Journal of Community Practice, 14(1-2), 147-161. https://doi.org/10.1300/J125v14n01_09 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J125v14n01_09

Wang, C., & Burris, M. (1994). Empowerment through Photo Novella: Portraits of Participation. Health Education Quarterly, 21(2), 171-181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/109019819402100204

Wang, C., & Burris, M. (1997). Photovoice: Concept, methodology, and use for participatory needs assessment. Health Education and Behaviour, 24(3), 369-387. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/109019819702400309

WHO. (2021). Obesity and overweight. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight

Winer, E. (2020). Supporting mental well-being during COVID-19: IWBI staff voices. https://resources.wellcertified.com/articles/supporting-mental-well-being-during-covid-19-iwbi-staff-voices/

Wütschert, M.S., Romano-Pereira, D., Suter, L., Schulze, H., & Elfering, A. (2022). A systematic review of working conditions and Occupational Health in Home Office. Work, 72(3), 839-852. https://doi.org/10.3233/wor-205239 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-205239

Zahari, A. I., Manan, D. I. A., Razali, F. M., Zolkaflil, S., & Said, J. B. (2024). Exploring the viability of remote work for SME. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 10(1), 100182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2023.100182 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2023.100182

Zhenjing, G., Chupradit, S., Ku, K. Y., Nassani, A. A., & Haffar, M. (2022). Impact of Employees' Workplace Environment on Employees' Performance: A Multi-Mediation Model. Front Public Health, 10(890400). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.890400 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.890400

Downloads

Published

2024-10-05

How to Cite

Beno, M., Caganova, D., & Poliaková, A. (2024). Investigating the impact of comfort-zone quality in e-work settings. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR), 11(5), 986–1000. https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v11i5.1768