Study of travel motivation and visit intention: The mediating role of perceived risks and travel constraints
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v11i5.1731Keywords:
Travel intention, Push-Pull Travel Motivation Factor, Perceived Risks, ConstraintsAbstract
The motivation to travel has been extensively studied, as it plays a crucial role in influencing people's travel decisions. Various theories have been proposed to explain travel behavior, including allocentric, psychocentric, push-pull factors, TPC, and TCL. This study delves into the impacts of perceived risks and travel constraints on Japanese people's motivation to travel to Mongolia, employing the push-pull theory as a framework. In the questionnaire survey, 142 Japanese citizens were selected by simple random sampling method, and the survey was conducted in Japanese and English between April and May 2023. The collected data were analysed using IBM SPSS 26 and SmartPLS 4 software. Out of the seven proposed hypotheses, four were confirmed and three were rejected. When examining risk/constraints as mediating variables, the results revealed that push motivation did not significantly influence travel intention, while pull factors demonstrated a statistically significant relationship. Furthermore, two and three variables were identified to characterize the push and pull factors that drive Japanese people's travel decisions. Two segments of travellers were also identified: those seeking nature-based experiences and those interested in historical and cultural attractions. These findings may guide tourism business operators seeking to attract Japanese travellers to Mongolia.
References
Almasooudi, M. F., & Rahman, S. (2023). Determining Domestic Tourists' Satisfaction of Tour Guide's Service Quality Using SERVQUAL Model at Historic City of Babylon. https://doi.org/10.58262/ks.v11i02.154
Andreani, F., & Njo, A. (2021). The impact of travel constraints on travel intention. In Promoting Creative Tourism: Current Issues in Tourism Research (pp. 652–658). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003095484-94
Anggraeni, T., Gaffar, V., Disman, D., Dewi Dirgantari, P., & Handayani, T. (2023). Tourist satisfaction in era Society 5.0 as a marketing strategy. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research, 10(6), 877–887. https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v10i6.1509 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v10i6.1509
Arabov, N., Nasimov, D., Janzakov, B., Khomitov, K., Utemuratova, G., Abduraimov, D., & Ismailov, B. (2024). Shaping the future of Uzbekistan's tourism: An in-depth analysis of infrastructure influence and strategic planning. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research, 11(1), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v11i1.1478 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v11i1.1478
Asthu, A. A., & Putra, W. K. (2021). Demographical Analysis and Cultural Characteristics to Attract Japanese Tourists to Indonesia. Binus Business Review, 12(3), 231–239. https://doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v12i3.6789 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v12i3.6789
Ayoub, D., & Mohamed, D. N. H. S. (2024). The impact of push-pull motives on internal tourists' visit and revisit intentions to Egyptian domestic destinations: the mediating role of country image. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-02835-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-02835-7
Aziz, N. A., & Long, F. (2022). To travel, or not to travel? The impacts of travel constraints and perceived travel risk on travel intention among Malaysian tourists amid the COVID-19. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 21(2), 352–362. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.2008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.2008
Bai, B., Hu, C., & Wu, C.-M. (2009). Affect, Travel Motivation, and Travel Intention: a Senior Market. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research - J Hospit Tourism Res, 33, 51–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348008329666
Blešić, I., Ivkov, M., Tepavčević, J., Popov Raljić, J., Petrović, M. D., Gajić, T., Tretiakova, T. N., Syromiatnikova, J. A., Demirović Bajrami, D., Aleksić, M., Vujačić, D., Kričković, E., Radojković, M., Morar, C., & Lukić, T. (2022). Risky Travel? Subjective vs. Objective Perceived Risks in Travel Behaviour—Influence of Hydro-Meteorological Hazards in South-Eastern Europe on Serbian Tourists. In Atmosphere (Vol. 13, Issue 10). https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101671 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101671
Božić, S., Jovanović, T., Tomić, N., & Vasiljević, D. A. (2017). An analytical scale for domestic tourism motivation and constraints at multi-attraction destinations: The case study of Serbia's Lower and Middle Danube region. Tourism Management Perspectives, 23, 97–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.05.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.05.002
Bremser, K., Crowley-Cyr, L., Abraham, V., Moreno-Martin, M. J., & Carreño, M. (2022). Application of the health belief model to explain public perceptions, travel intentions and actions during COVID-19: a sequential transformative design. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 5(5), 865–885. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-12-2020-0235 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-12-2020-0235
Caber, M., González-Rodríguez, M. R., Albayrak, T., & Simonetti, B. (2020). Does perceived risk really matter in travel behaviour? Journal of Vacation Marketing, 26(3), 334–353. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766720927762 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766720927762
Chew, E. Y. T., & Jahari, S. A. (2014). Destination image as a mediator between perceived risks and revisit intention: A case of post-disaster Japan. Tourism Management, 40, 382–393. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.07.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.07.008
Chi, N. T. K. (2022). The Impact of Travel Experience, Travel Motivation, And Destination Image On Tourists' Revisit Intention to Ecotourism. TNU Journal of Science and Technology, 227(04), 69–75. https://doi.org/10.34238/tnu-jst.5548 DOI: https://doi.org/10.34238/tnu-jst.5548
Chi, N. T. K., & Pham, H. (2022). The moderating role of eco-destination image in the travel motivations and ecotourism intention nexus. Journal of Tourism Futures. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-01-2022-0014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-01-2022-0014
Conor, B. (2022). Risk perception vs reality. ITIJ, 34, 34–39.
Dewi, P. R. A., Sukaatmadja, I. P. G., & Giantari, I. G. A. K. (2024). Role of Destination Image Mediates the Influence of Tourist Experience and Service Quality on Revisit Intention (Study on Domestic Tourists Tanah Lot Tourism Destination Areas). European Journal of Business and Management Research, 9(1), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2024.9.1.2076 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2024.9.1.2076
Dulamragchaa, T. (2023). Exploring The Effect of Push and Pull Motivation Factors on Japanese Travelers: Implications for Destination Marketing. National University of Mongolia.
Foedjiawati, F., Andreani, F., & Anastasia, N. (2023). Travel Constraints, Trust, Travel Motivation and Travel Intention: A Case study of Covid 19 pandemic. Jurnal Manajemen Perhotelan Dan Pariwisata, 6(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.23887/jmpp.v6i1.65559 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jmpp.v6i1.65559
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
Gefen, D., Straub, D., & Boudreau, M.-C. (2000). Structural Equation Modeling and Regression: Guidelines for Research Practice. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 4. https://doi.org/10.17705/1cais.00407 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.00407
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R: A Workbook. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. In European Business Review (Vol. 31, Issue 1, pp. 2–24). Emerald Group Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research. In European Business Review (Vol. 26, Issue 2, pp. 106–121). Emerald Group Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128
He, X., & Luo, J. M. (2020). Relationship among travel motivation, satisfaction and revisit intention of skiers: A case study on the tourists of urumqi silk road ski resort. Administrative Sciences, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10030056 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10030056
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Hwang, J., Joo, K., & Moon, J. (2023). Relationships among Experience Economy, Tour Quality, Tour Satisfaction, and Word-of-Mouth in the Senior Tourism Context in Korea: The Moderating Role of Tour Guiding Services. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086367 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086367
Io, M.-U. (2021). The moderating effect of daily emotional well-being on push-pull travel motivations in the context of COVID 19. Tourism Recreation Research, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2021.1956218 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2021.1956218
Jang, S., Bai, B., Hu, C., & Wu, C. M. E. (2009). Affect, travel motivation, and travel intention: A senior market. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 33(1), 51–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348008329666 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348008329666
JBT Tourism Research & Consulting Co. (2019). The State of Overseas Tourist Travel 2019.
Katsikari, C., Hatzithomas, L., Fotiadis, T., & Folinas, D. (2020). Push and Pull Travel Motivation: Segmentation of the Greek Market for Social Media Marketing in Tourism. Sustainability, 12(11), 4770. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114770
Khan, M. J., Chelliah, S., & Ahmed, S. (2019). Intention to visit India among potential travellers: Role of travel motivation, perceived travel risks, and travel constraints. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 19(3), 351–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358417751025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358417751025
Khan, M. J., Chelliah, S., Khan, F., & Amin, S. (2019). Perceived risks, travel constraints and visit intention of young women travelers: the moderating role of travel motivation. Tourism Review, 74(3), 721–738. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-08-2018-0116 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-08-2018-0116
Khan, M. J., Khan, F., Amin, S., & Chelliah, S. (2020). Perceived risks, travel constraints, and destination perception: A study on sub-saharan African medical travellers. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(7), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072807 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072807
Kul, E., Dedeoğlu, B. B., Nuray Küçükergin, F., De Martino, M., & Okumus, F. (2024). The role of tour guide competency in the cultural tour experience: the case of Cappadocia. International Hospitality Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/ihr-04-2023-0021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IHR-04-2023-0021
Kurniati, P. S., & Suryanto, S. (2023). Digital entrepreneurship strategy in the tourism business of the tourism 4.0 era. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research, 10(6), 819–828. https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v10i6.1503 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v10i6.1503
Lee, T. H., & Jan, F. H. (2023). How Does Personality Affect COVID-19 Pandemic Travel Risk Perceptions and Behaviors? Evidence from Segment Analysis in Taiwan. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010655 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010655
Liang, L. J., Choi, H. C., Dupej, S., & Zolfaghari, A. (2023). Motivations, risks, and constraints: An analysis of affective and cognitive images for cannabis tourism in Canada. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2023.100110 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2023.100110
Luvsandavaajav, O., & Narantuya, G. (2021). Mongolian Domestic Tourists' Motivation and Revisit Intention: Mediating Effect of Perceived Benefit and Perceived Value. Central European Journal of Geography and Sustainable Development, 3, 32–48. https://doi.org/10.47246/CEJGSD.2021.3.1.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47246/CEJGSD.2021.3.1.3
Meng, Y., Khan, A., Bibi, S., Wu, H., Lee, Y., & Chen, W. (2021). The Effects of COVID-19 Risk Perception on Travel Intention: Evidence From Chinese Travelers. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.655860 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.655860
Ministry of Nature, E. & T. (2012). International Visitor Survey 2012.
Mohd Sohaili, N. L., Aminudin, N., & Amir, A. F. (2022). Exploring Items for Measuring Behavioural Intention among Bleisure in Malaysia: An Exploratory Factor Analysis. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(11). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i11/15164 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i11/15164
Munkhuu, B., Badarch, L., & Sukhragchaa, A. (2020). Mongolia and Tourism in North – East Asia. International Journal of Management Studies, VII(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.18843/ijms/v7i1/03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18843/ijms/v7i1/03
Nam, S. (2023). Predicting Tourist Revisit Intention by Applying the Extended Model of Goal-Directed Behaviour and Cognitive Dissonance Theory. Journal of Tourism and Services, 14(26), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.29036/jots.v14i26.453 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29036/jots.v14i26.453
National Statistics Office of Mongolia. (2022). Mongolian Statistical Yearbook. Mongolian Statistical Information Service. https://www.1212.mn/mn/statistic/file-library/view/47812001?fbclid=IwAR2dXzp2ZLO4KWAPMVXcYRoh01TEkpSFFJWcUgAQKo7JGZCduisJCRS1fE0
National Statistics Office of Mongolia. (2023a). Inbound Foreign Passengers, by purpose of visit and by year, geographical regions. National Statistics Office of Mongolia. https://www.1212.mn/en/statistic/statcate/573068/table-view/DT_NSO_1800_005V2
National Statistics Office of Mongolia. (2023b). Number of Inbound and Outbound Foreign Passengers, by country of origin. National Statistics Office of Mongolia. https://www.1212.mn/en/statistic/statcate/573068/table-view/DT_NSO_1800_004V2
National Statistics Office of Mongolia. (2023c). Number of inbound tourists, by country. Mongolian Statistical Information Service. https://beta.1212.mn/mn/statistic/statcate/573068/table/573068
Nazir, M. U., Yasin, I., & Tat, H. H. (2021). Destination image's mediating role between perceived risks, perceived constraints, and behavioral intention. Heliyon, 7(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07613 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07613
Neuburger, L., & Egger, R. (2021). Travel risk perception and travel behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020: a case study of the DACH region. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7), 1003–1016. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1803807 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1803807
Osiako, P., Reddy, H., & Szente, V. (2022). MOTIVATIONAL DECISIONS, SATISFACTION, AND REVISIT BEHAVIOR OF DOMESTIC TOURISTS: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS. Geo Journal of Tourism and Geosites, 44, 1442–1449. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.44432-964 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.44432-964
Pereira, V., Gupta, J. J., & Hussain, S. (2022). Impact of Travel Motivation on Tourist's Attitude Toward Destination: Evidence of Mediating Effect of Destination Image. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 46(5), 946–971. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348019887528 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348019887528
Prasetyo Ery, A., & Hendraningrum, A. (2023). Analysis of Japanese Tourists' Experiences in Homestay Services at Popular Marine Tourism Destinations in South Sulawesi Province. Journal La Bisecoman, 4(3), 117–126. https://doi.org/10.37899/journallabisecoman.v4i3.897 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37899/journallabisecoman.v4i3.897
Priyanath, H. M. S., RVSPK, R., & RGN, M. (2020). Methods and Rule-of-Thumbs in The Determination of Minimum Sample Size When Appling Structural Equation Modelling: A Review. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH, 15, 102–107. https://doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v15i.8670 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v15i.8670
Putra, K. E. S., Yasa, N. N. K., Sukawati, T. G. R., & Widagda, I. G. N. J. A. (2023). Integration Perceived Risk, Travel Constraints, and Social Influences in Theory of Planned Behavior. International Journal of Social Science and Business, 7(4), 957–964. https://doi.org/10.23887/ijssb.v7i4.61242 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/ijssb.v7i4.61242
Rahman, M. K., Gazi, M. A. I., Bhuiyan, M. A., & Rahaman, M. A. (2021). Effect of Covid-19 pandemic on tourist travel risk and management perceptions. PLOS ONE, 16(9), e0256486. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256486 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256486
Ramadhani, I. (2023). The Influence of Perceived Risk and Travel Constraints to Travel Intention of Women Traveler in Bandung City. Jurnal Kepariwisataan: Destinasi, Hospitalitas Dan Perjalanan, 7(2), 206–219. https://doi.org/10.34013/jk.v7i2.704 DOI: https://doi.org/10.34013/jk.v7i2.704
Ratna Sari, P., Helmi, A., & Komaladewi, R. (2023). Travel Intention in Following of New Normal Era: The Role of Perceived Risk, Travel Motivation and Travel Constraints. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v6i1.7472
Salsabila, N., & Alversia, Y. (2020). Examining Push-Pull Motivation and Travel Intention for Potential Travelers in Indonesia Using Theory of Planned Behaviour. In Proceedings of Tourism Development Centre International Conference (pp. 38–48). Sciendo. https://doi.org/10.2478/9788395720406-004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/9788395720406-004
Sato, S., Kim, H., Buning, R. J., & Harada, M. (2018). Adventure tourism motivation and destination loyalty: A comparison of decision and non-decision makers. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 8, 74–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.12.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.12.003
Satrya, I. D. G., Kaihatu, T. S., Budidharmanto, L. P., Karya, D. F., & Rusadi, N. W. P. (2023). THE ROLE OF ECOTOURISM IN PRESERVING ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS, CULTURAL AND NATURAL ATTRACTIVENESS FOR PROMOTING LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN BALI, INDONESIA. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research, 10(7), 1063–1075. https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v10i7.1386 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v10i7.1386
Şengel, Ü., Genç, G., Işkın, M., Çevrimkaya, M., Assiouras, I., Zengin, B., Sarıışık, M., & Buhalis, D. (2022). The impacts of negative problem orientation on perceived risk and travel intention in the context of COVID-19: a PLS-SEM approach. Journal of Tourism Futures. https://doi.org/10.1108/jtf-05-2021-0130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-05-2021-0130
Shkeer, A. S., & Awang, Z. (2019). Exploring the Items for Measuring the Marketing Information System Construct: An Exploratory Factor Analysis. International Review of Management and Marketing, 9(6), 87–97. https://doi.org/10.32479/irmm.8622 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/irmm.8622
Simpson, G. D., Sumanapala, D. P., Galahitiyawe, N. W. K., Newsome, D., & Perera, P. (2020). Exploring motivation, satisfaction and revisit intention of ecolodge visitors. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 26(2), 359–379. https://doi.org/10.20867/THM.26.2.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.26.2.5
Stryzhak, O., Cibák, Ľ., Sidak, M., & Yermachenko, V. (2024). Socio-economic development of tourist destinations: A cross-country analysis. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research, 11(1), 79–96. https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v11i1.1442 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v11i1.1442
Sun, T., Zhang, J., Zhang, B., Ong, Y., & Ito, N. (2022). How trust in a destination's risk regulation navigates outbound travel constraints on revisit intention post-COVID-19: Segmenting insights from experienced Chinese tourists to Japan. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2022.100711 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2022.100711
Tan, W.-K., & Fan, C.-H. (2023). Does destination advertisement affect travel motivation, emotion regulation, and visit intention formation? Service Business. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11628-023-00531-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11628-023-00531-1
Trimurti, C. P., & Utama, I. G. B. R. (2019). An investigation of tourism motivation and tourist attraction of tourists to Bali. Jurnal Manajemen Dan Kewirausahaan, 21(2), 130–133. https://doi.org/10.9744/jmk.21.2.130-133 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9744/jmk.21.2.130-133
Trimurti, C. P., & Utama, I. G. B. R. (2021). The behaviour model of domestic tourists in decision making on re-visit to Bali, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 771(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/771/1/012010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/771/1/012010
Tu, H. M. (2020). Sustainable heritage management: Exploring dimensions of pull and push factors. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198219 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198219
Utama, I. G. B. R., Putra, I. N. D., & Suradnya, I. M. (2014). Confirmation on the Motivation and Satisfaction Model of Foreign Senior Tourists. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 5(8).
Watkins, L. (2006). Culture, Values and Japanese Tourism Behaviour: Vol. Ph.D. University of Otago.
Wen, J., & Songshan, S. (2019). The effects of push and pull travel motivations, personal values, and destination familiarity on tourist loyalty: a study of Chinese cigar tourists to Cuba. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24, 805–821. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1635504 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1635504
WTTC. (2023). Economic Impact Research. World Travel & Tourism Council. https://wttc.org/research/economic-impact
Yang, E. C. L., & Nair, V. (2015). Tourism at Risk: A Review of Risk and Perceived Risk in Tourism. Asia-Pacific Journal of Innovation in Hospitality and Tourism (APJIHT), 3(2), 13. https://doi.org/10.7603/s40930-014-0013-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.7603/s40930-014-0013-z
Yousefi, M., & Marzuki, A. (2015). An analysis of push and pull motivational factors of international tourists to Penang, Malaysia. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 16(1), 40–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2015.991987
Zaman, K., Bashir, S., Afaq, Z., & Khan, N. (2022). Covid-19 Risk Perception of Travel Destination Development and Validation of a Scale. SAGE Open, 12(1), 21582440221079624. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221079622 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221079622
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Munkhbayasgalan Ganbold, Amarjargal Sukhragchaa, Bilegsaikhan Munkhuu, Dulamragchaa Turbat
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The JEECAR journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright and publishing rights of their own manuscript without restrictions.
This journal applies the Creative Attribution Common License to works we publish, and allows reuse and remixing of its content, in accordance with a CC-BY 4.0 license.
Authors are free to: Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
Under the following terms: Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
No additional restrictions — The author may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
The JEECAR Journal is committed to the editorial principles of all aspects of publication ethics and publication malpractice as assigned by the Committee on Public Ethics.
