Tax policy transformation in Georgia: Assessing the effectiveness of general state tax amendments on economic sustainability and business growth (2017-2021)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v11i4.1461Keywords:
general state taxes, tax burden, budget, investments, economic sustainabilityAbstract
This research aims to determine the role of 2017-2021 general state tax amendments in terms of economic development and improvement of the business environment in Georgia. The following factors were used To evaluate the effectiveness of the tax burden: How the tax system is adjusted to the payer, whether it contributes to economic progress, and what the scope of taxes is. Tax policy experts were interviewed and asked to discuss tax policy reform objectives, options, and mechanisms. The interviews were semi-structured, supported by a briefing document and a topical guide, audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed. The efficiency of implemented changes for the EU Association Agreement was also evaluated. Compared to Georgian tax policy, EU tax policy is more liberal. The research revealed opportunities, future perspectives, and the significance of tax reforms and their positive effect on businesses. Based on in-depth interview findings, a detailed analysis of the financial sector is offered.
References
Abd Hakim, T. (2020). Direct versus indirect taxes: Impact on economic growth and total tax revenue. International Journal of Financial Research 11(2): 146-153 https://doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v11n2p146 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v11n2p146
Abd Hakim, T., Karia, A.A., David, J., Ginsad, R., Lokman, N., & Zolkafli, S. (2022). Impact of direct and indirect taxes on economic development: A comparison between developed and developing countries. Cogent Economics & Finance 10(1): 2141423. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2141423 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2141423
Abdioglu, N., Biniş, M., & Arslan, M. (2016). The effect of corporate tax rate on foreign direct investment: A panel study for OECD countries. Ege Academic Review 16(4): 599-610. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/eab/issue/39958/474833
Aghion, P., Akcigit, U., Cagé, J., & Kerr, W. (2016). Taxation, corruption and growth. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper Series, WP 21928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21928 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w21928
Alm, J. (2012). Measuring, explaining, and controlling tax evasion: lessons from theory, experiments, and field studies. International tax and public finance 19: 54-77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-011-9171-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-011-9171-2
Arzaghi, M., Berndt, E.R., Davis, J.C., & Silk, A.J. (2008). Economic factors underlying the unbundling of advertising agency services (No. w14345). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1276622 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w14345
Aslanishvili, D. (2013). Georgian State Securities Market: Situational analysis and perspective. Economisti , 4: 81-86.
Ahmadov, B. (2022). Comparative Assessment of Capital Income Taxation in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and Belarus. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR), 9(2), 217-228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v9i2.761
Bakradze, G. 2014. The Global Financial Crisis of (2007-2008): Causes and Interpretations. Economics and Banking, 2: 5-26.
Bathena, Z. (2018). Why job satisfaction is an important phenomenon of the vicious circle. Entrepreneur India. March 18. https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/growth-strategies/why-job-satisfaction-is-so-important-for-an-employee/310608
Belotti, F., Di Porto, E., & Santoni, G. (2021). The effect of local taxes on firm performance: Evidence from geo referenced data. Journal of Regional Science 61(2): 492-510. https://10.111/jors.12518 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jors.12518
Boadway, RW (1992). How tax incentives affect decisions to invest in developing countries. World Bank Publications 1011 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3476819
Bosquet, B. (2000). Environmental tax reform: does it work? A survey of the empirical evidence. Ecological economics 34(1): 19-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00173-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00173-7
Congdon, W.J., Kling, J.R., & Mullainathan, S. (2011). Policy and choice: Public finance through the lens of behavioral economics. Chicago: Brookings Institution Press.
Daoud, J.I. (2017). December. Multicollinearity and regression analysis. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series 949 (1): 012009). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/949/1/012009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/949/1/012009
Flaaen, A., Hortaçsu, A., & Tintelnot, F. (2020). The production relocation and price effects of US trade policy: the case of washing machines. American Economic Review 110(7): 2103-27. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20190611 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20190611
Gnangnon, S. K. (2022). Tax revenue instability and tax revenue in developed and developing countries. Applied Economic Analysis 30(88): 18-37 https://doi.org/I 10.1108/AEA-09-2020-0133 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/AEA-09-2020-0133
Hudson, M. (2020). The Treasury Privatized? Geopolitical Economy Hour (March 30). https://michael-hudson.com/2023/03/the-treasury-privatize
International Monetary Fund. (2011). A Multi-Donor Trust Fund for IMF Capacity Building Technical Assistance in Tax Policy and Administration. Washington: Office of Technical Assistance Management. https://www.imf.org/external/np/otm/2011/100110.pdf
Kraan, D.J. (2004). Off-budget and tax expenditures. OECD Journal on Budgeting 4(1): 121-142. https://doi.org/10.1787/budget-v4-art6-en https://doi.org/10.1787/budget-v4-art6-en DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/budget-v4-art6-en
Krechowicz, D. (2011). The Effect of Carbon Pricing on Low-Income Households, and Its Potential Contribution to Poverty Reduction. University of Ottawa: Sustainable Prosperity. https://institute.smartprosperity.ca/sites/default/files/effect-carbon-pricing-low-income-households-and-its-potential-contribution-poverty-reduction.pdf
Minh Ha, N., Tan Minh, P., & Binh, Q.M.Q. (2022). The determinants of tax revenue: A study of Southeast Asia. Cogent Economics & Finance 10(1), p.2026660. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2026660 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2026660
Ministry of finance of Georgia. (2022). economic trends Quarterly Review; https://www.mof.ge/images/File/2023-Publikaciebi/08-02-2023/2022Q4_GEO.pdf
Nnamani, O.C., Ifeanacho, K.P., Onyekwelu, E.I., & Ogbuefi, P.C. (2023). Barriers to effective property tax reform in Nigeria: Implementation of the land use charge in Enugu state. Land Use Policy 126: 106544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106544 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106544
Norway's county and regional governments Association. (2017). Association agreement and Local self-government in Georgia. https://nala.ge/uploaded/nala/2019-02/20190213192002281235248.pdf
OECD. (2021). Tax Policy Reforms (2022). https://www.oecd.org/tax/tax-policy-reforms-26173433.htm
OECD. 2015. Agreement on exchange of information on tax matters. https://www.oecd.org/ctp/exchange-of-tax-information/2082215.pdf
Schlegelmilch, K., Cottrell, J., Runkel, M., & Mahler, A. (2016). Environmental tax reform in developing, emerging and transition economies (No. 93). Studies. https://www.idos-research.de/uploads/media/Study_93.pdf
Vincent, R.C. (2023). Vertical taxing rights and tax compliance norms. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 205: .443-467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2022.11.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2022.11.003
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Mamuka Lezhava, Nugzar Todua, Mikheil Chikviladze, Lolita Shengelia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The JEECAR journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright and publishing rights of their own manuscript without restrictions.
This journal applies the Creative Attribution Common License to works we publish, and allows reuse and remixing of its content, in accordance with a CC-BY 4.0 license.
Authors are free to: Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
Under the following terms: Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
No additional restrictions — The author may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
The JEECAR Journal is committed to the editorial principles of all aspects of publication ethics and publication malpractice as assigned by the Committee on Public Ethics.