INDONESIAN STUDENTS’ ENTREPRENEURIAL BEHAVIOR: THE EFFECT OF CREATIVITY, PASSION, ALERTNESS AND INTENTION

The decision process that supports individual entrepreneurial conduct remains a fascinating problem. Besides, the current situation shows that many Indonesian universities have begun to include entrepreneurship as a required subject for their students. This study aimed to develop an entrepreneurial model to explain the formation of entrepreneurial behavior, focusing on students' roles of creativity, passion, alertness, and entrepreneurial intention. The sample consists of 411 final-year bachelor's students from Indonesian universities. The collected data was analyzed using General Structured Component Analysis (GSCA), and the results showed that all hypotheses could be adopted according to the data processing results. As for the core of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial intention becomes a substantial predictor of entrepreneurial behavior. The findings of this study can undoubtedly contribute to the validation of earlier research findings. However, the few numbers of sample size and self-reported data might limit the generalizability of this study’s results.


INTRODUCTION
Many empirical studies have emphasized the relevance of entrepreneurial intention, as well as other predictors, to speed up the development of the scientific process of entrepreneurship (Semin & Kislitskiy, 2020).Such research can contribute significantly to the development of theory and practice in the field of entrepreneurship.
Indonesian students' entrepreneurial behavior: The effect of creativity, passion,… Adrie Oktavio et al.
Although the diverse correlations of various distinct elements on entrepreneurial intention have been extensively researched, the decision process that supports individual entrepreneurial conduct remains a fascinating problem.Indeed, the majority of available research solely looks at the entrepreneurial intention.It would be more important and meaningful if further research could move beyond the model that ends in entrepreneurial intention.The purpose is to move toward transforming entrepreneurial intention into entrepreneurial behavior (Shinnar et al., 2018).Entrepreneurial sense is crucial for forming new businesses and alternative career paths.
The current study attempts to develop a research model in entrepreneurship to explain the formation of entrepreneurial intention, which continues in entrepreneurial behavior and involves attention that is still very limited in studies on the role of creativity, entrepreneurial passion, and entrepreneurial alertness.Although various studies have explored the connection between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial conduct, the influence of creativity, passion and alertness on individual entrepreneurial intention and action has not been thoroughly researched.The conceptual model of this study purposely does not directly link creativity, passion, and alertness to entrepreneurial behavior suggested by the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 2011).
To serve fresh insights, this study argues that it is essential to relate creativity, passion, and alertness with entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial behavior.This study aims to address this need and augment the existing entrepreneurial literature (Hu et al., 2018;Karimi, 2020).To support the research, a sample of Indonesian students is used to determine whether creativity, passion, and alertness are linked to entrepreneurial intention and behavior.As a result of the globalization and technological advancements, students have begun to consider to start their own business (Hu et al., 2018).This situation is highlighted by the fact that a rising number of Indonesian universities begin to include entrepreneurship as a required subject for their students (Kartika et al., 2021).

Creativity on Passion, Alertness and Entrepreneurial Intention
Creativity has been a significant theme in entrepreneurial development (Hu et al., 2018).Creativity has become a substantial element in the early entrepreneurial process (Anjum et al., 2021;Gielnik et al., 2012).Researchers have verified the link between creativity and entrepreneurship, where new ideas emerge that reflect the nature of innovation and lead to the establishment of new companies.This is reflected in the belief that those more likely to start their businesses are more creative.This viewpoint argues that entrepreneurship is the result of creativity.Recognizing opportunities is the start of the entrepreneurial process and describes creative action (Gielnik et al., 2012).Some existing research suggests a link between creativity and passion.Anjum et al. (2021) discovered a favorable and significant association between creativity and passion in their study.A different study found that creative ideas can increase people's chances of becoming successful entrepreneurs by enhancing their chances of having a passion (Murad et al., 2021).This suggests that those with much excitement or passion are likelier to start their own business.Karimi (2020) defined passion as a strong desire to perform any work an individual wants to do with full support and willingness to devote time.Based on those findings, it can be stated that someone who is embedded with the seeds of creativity has a greater passion.
Therefore, awareness is assumed as vulnerable to the identification of opportunity.According to Tang et al. (2012), alertness is a process that defines how people connect seemingly unconnected pieces of information to assess whether there are any potential chances.Meanwhile, creativity is a gradual process that is influenced by social and environmental factors (Rigolizzo & Amabile, 2015).This learning process allows individuals to be more alert in recognizing opportunities.Based on that argument, the act of assuming that creativity can increase alertness is something worth considering.It means the building of alertness will involve creative actions that impact future activities.Although creativity has been associated with the recognition of possibilities (Tang et al., 2012), there is still very little research on creativity as a predictor of alertness (Montiel-Campos, 2018 (Zampetakis et al., 2011).
The study of Zampetakis et al. (2011) on students at two technical universities in Greece suggested that creativity is a predictor for investigating entrepreneurial intention.Hu et al. (2018) found significant results in a crosssectional study to quantify entrepreneurial intention connected with creativity.A different study by Ndofirepi et al. (2018) also reveals that creativity increases motivation to pursue entrepreneurial goals.In a broader context, creativity is a powerful predictor in entrepreneurship and can assist people in finding work (Hu et al., 2018).

H1, H2, H3 Creativity has positive effects on passion, alertness and entrepreneurial intention Passion and Alertness on Entrepreneurial Intention
Entrepreneurial passion has an essential role as a driving element for motivation and success in generating entrepreneurial intention (Li et al., 2020).Karimi (2020) also looked at the impact of entrepreneurial passion in hundreds of Iranian students and found that passion can assist students in generating entrepreneurial intentions.Thus, passion is connected to the role of identity in achieving entrepreneurial goals.Peoples with a high passion are also more likely to be interested in starting businesses (Syed et al., 2020).
On the other hand, alertness has received a lot of attention especially when it comes to effective career identification and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities (Tang et al., 2012).Alertness is a crucial quality for anticipating and identifying possibilities (Shamudeen et al., 2017).The role of alertness comes when an opportunity can be transformed into a concrete thing to do by an individual (Li et al., 2020).Of course, the ability to investigate and develop prospects aggressively and relentlessly is the first step in changing an opportunity.
Alertness has been proven to have a favorable and significant effect on entrepreneurial intention in previous studies (Hu et al., 2018;Neneh, 2019;Obschonka et al., 2017;Tang et al., 2012) (Li et al., 2020).According to Lu & Wang (2018), Alertness develops opportunity awareness and individual identity assessment of company interests.Alertness is a prominent predictor for understanding entrepreneurial intention, according to Hu et al. (2018).Several studies show that alertness is associated with entrepreneurial intention in a positive and significant way, implying that people with a higher level of alertness are better able to recognize possibilities and pursue new jobs in entrepreneurship.

H4, H5 Passion and alertness have positive effects on entrepreneurial intention Entrepreneurial Intention on Entrepreneurial Behavior
In business, entrepreneurial intention can be a powerful motivator for people to establish a new company (Shinnar et al., 2018).According to Schlaegel & Koenig (2014), entrepreneurial intention offers strength so that individuals might be incentivized to engage in entrepreneurial behavior, and it mirrors many efforts that individuals are willing to undertake for company development activities.Based on the theory of planned behavior, it is said that entrepreneurial intention is a form of individual willingness to engage in entrepreneurial behavior.It can be a form of firmness to start a new business (Sroka & Meyer, 2021).This theory also describes the positive influence of intention on entrepreneurial behavior and has subsequently been claimed by further studies (Shinnar et al., 2018).
There have been many studies on entrepreneurial behavior that have been undertaken so far.Entrepreneurial intention is an individual's readiness to evolve entrepreneurial behavior and perform new business (Li et al., 2020).Existing research also acknowledges the value of the entrepreneurial intention model in understanding the entrepreneurial phenomenon and Indonesian students' entrepreneurial behavior: The effect of creativity, passion,… Adrie Oktavio et al.
demonstrating its effectiveness as a predictor of entrepreneurial behavior.As a result, persons with a higher level of entrepreneurial purpose are more likely to engage in actual action related to new business development.
H6.There is a positive influence between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial behavior The role of passion and alertness as the mediator Several studies stated that passion positively influences creativity and entrepreneurial intention (Cardon et al., 2013;Syed et al., 2020).Passion is assumed as the core of entrepreneurship and can be the main indicator of creativity (Hu et al., 2018) and entrepreneurial intention (Syed et al., 2020).It is known that the research on the role of passion in mediating creativity and entrepreneurial intention has not been deeply explored (Syed et al., 2020).
However, from its discussion, it is shown that an individual with higher level of passion is more likely to be encouraged due to the creation process, which positively contributes to the entrepreneurial intention (Murad et al., 2021).
On the other hand, this research aims to reveal whether alertness can mediate creativity's effect to entrepreneurial intention.It is in line with Kirzner's suggestion Kirzner (2009) that the purpose of alertness research is to discover the antecedents of awareness and the outcome.As discussed in the initial discussion of hypothesis development, creativity can increase vigilance in, which becomes a certain thing worth considering.Creativity can boost alertness which later impacts the action in the future, that is the intention to start a business (Hu et al., 2018).The phenomenon of many fresh graduates who dare to start their businesses motivates this population selection, though many still prefer to apply for work in a corporation.Given the enormous student population, determining the minimal number of samples is based on Krejcie & Morgan (1970).If the target population has more than 100,000 individuals, the minimum number of samples is 382 persons.This study uses a purposive sampling approach to achieve the required sample size.various fields of science, such as economics (41.3%), engineering (22.1%), social (20.2%), health (8.3%), religion (4.8%), and education (3.3%).
Self-reports based on a multi-item scale were used to measure all research variables.A sevenpoint scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree) is used for all items.All of the items in this study are adapted from previous research and translated into Indonesian by native speakers to verify that the quality and meanings are consistent with the original sources.The five scales used in Baron & Tang (2011) is used to assess creativity.In measuring passion, five measurement items are used from the research of Cardon et al. (2013).
Furthermore, thirteen measurement scales on the alertness variable are adapted Tang et al. (2012).Five measurement constructs are used for entrepreneurial intention, which are developed by Liñán & Chen (2009).Finally, entrepreneurial behavior is measured using ten items adapted from Neneh (2019) and Shirokova et al. (2016).
This study examines the research model using the structural equation model (SEM) through GSCA Pro Windows 1.1.8.The output consists of the evaluation of overall model fit by seeing the value of FIT, AFIT, GFI, and SRMR.If the value of FIT, AFIT, and GFI is closer to 1.0, then it will be rated well.The better model is if the SRMR is closer to zero (Cho et al., 2020).GSCA also provides the result of the measurement model to evaluate9 convergent validity, discriminant validity, and compose reliability.Furthermore, research hypothesis testing is examined through the result of a structural model, including mediation testing.In this study, the mediation effect for passion and alertness in the relation between creativity and entrepreneurial intention will be examined.

Model Fit Evaluation
This identification aimed to evaluate the model thoroughly, which in this study was seen from the value of FIT, AFIT, GFI, and SRMR.The result of processed data showed that FIT value = 0.651, meaning that the model shape could explain all existing variables of 65,1%.AFIT was almost the same as FIT.However, the variable that influenced entrepreneurial behavior was not the only one.Thus, it would be better if the interpretation regarding the model fit using AFIT value.The result of the data process showed that AFIT value = 0.649.Thus the variations of variables that the model could explain were 64.9%, and other variables explained the rest.Regarding GFI value was only 0.944, and SRMR was 0.133.When the sample size is > 100, a GFI ≥ .93 or an SRMR ≤ .08 indicates an acceptable fit.In this case, there is no preference for one index over the other or for using a combination of the indexes over and using them separately.Each index suggested from the cutoff value may be used independently to assess the model fit (Cho et al., 2020).

Measurement Model Evaluation
Measurement model evaluation identifies the indicators of a latent variable and whether it is valid and reliable.Table 1 shows that thirty-eight measurement items from all constructs are accurate and reliable.1 shows data regarding the estimates of loadings for each item.Hair et al. (2010) advocate regarding a factor as reliable if it has four or more loadings of at least 0.5.Therefore, all indicators have met convergent validity.Afterward, the AVE value represents discriminant validity from a construct.The required AVE value is > 0.5 (Hair et al., 2010).The AVE of all constructs in this study is> 0.5; thus, the discriminant validity is met.Aside from testing construct validity, the result of the measurement model is also used for testing the reliability, which can be seen from the Cronbach Alpha value.
A construct is said to be reliable if its Cronbach Alpha value is > 0.6.From Table 1 above, all of the constructs have met the reliability condition.

Structural Model Evaluation
The first until sixth hypotheses are accepted as provided in Table 2 since it has CR value > 1.96.Creativity, passion, and alertness can influence entrepreneurial intention favorably and dramatically.Therefore, passion and vigilance are both positively influenced by creativity.Finally, as the heart of entrepreneurship, the entrepreneurial intention may be shown to be a positive and substantial predictor of entrepreneurial behavior.

DISCUSSION
The first hypothesis of this current study can be accepted.This study is consistent with prior research findings, which show that creativity positively affects passion (Anjum et al., 2021;Murad et al., 2021).Creativity and passion might increase their chances of becoming entrepreneurs by cultivating their creative side.In this case, a strong passion in the individual is usually also supported because of a high level of creativity.If it is related to higher education as a learning platform for students, then this is where the seeds of creativity should continue to be explored and at least be able to create a passion.Indeed, this is not easy to do, but at least when students already have a the opportunities to develop new entrepreneurs are also greater.
Creativity positively affects awareness among students, which is related to the acceptance of the second hypothesis.Given the scarcity of previous research on creativity and alertness, this study may help to fill the gap.Montiel-Campos (2016) is the only study that identifies creativity as an antecedent of awareness.Tang et al. (2012) described that alertness is a process that explains how individuals relate information that appears to be different and assesses whether there are promising opportunities from that information.Identifying opportunities, on the other hand, according to Gielnik et al. (2012), is not only the start of the entrepreneurial process but also describes creative behaviors or inventiveness.According to Gielnik et al. (2012) and Tang et al. (2012), creativity can impact attentiveness.As a result, students who are constantly instructed or provided learning to identify possibilities from an early age are the same as students who are learning to act creatively.It is the educational process that helps students to develop a high level of alertness.
The third hypothesis, which proposes that creativity positively affects entrepreneurial intention, is acceptable.Acceptance of this hypothesis can confirm the general view that creativity manifests itself in the entrepreneurial intention of individuals in the entrepreneurial process.Researchers have not addressed the important theoretical role that creativity might play in explaining entrepreneurial purpose.When examining cognitive characteristics' effects on entrepreneurial intention, creativity should not be underestimated.The proof for the first hypothesis is consistent with past research findings that creative ideas contribute to passion in a good way (Zampetakis et al., 2011).Furthermore, another argument that can be used as a justification for this finding is that individuals who have creative minds and innovative ideas to create something new will likely realize these creative ideas in real terms.Likewise, in students with a high level of creativity, it can be ascertained that they also have a strong entrepreneurial intention.
The fourth hypothesis of this study is also accepted so that passion positively affects entrepreneurial intention.Acceptance of this hypothesis could also imply that those passionate about entrepreneurial activities are more likely to want to start their own business.This finding is backed up by several other studies that came to the same conclusion (Cardon et al., 2013;Karimi, 2020;Murad et al., 2021;Syed et al., 2020).Passion is a major and powerful predictor of entrepreneurial intention (Murad et al., 2021).As a result, students who have a strong interest in entrepreneurship and a strong desire to establish a business can easily make more mature decisions to start a business because their entrepreneurial intention has also developed within them.
Indonesian students' entrepreneurial behavior: The effect of creativity, passion,… Adrie Oktavio et al.
In the fifth hypothesis of this study, it is stated that alertness has a positive effect on entrepreneurial intention, which is also acceptable.This finding validates prior research such as Hu et al. (2018), Neneh (2019), Obschonka et al. (2017) and Tang et al. (2012).Based on these findings, it can be realized that students with a high level of alertness will have the ability to identify chances and are more likely to have a great interest in starting a business.They present stronger mental acuity and recognition of appropriate opportunities in a competitive market (Shamudeen et al., 2017).The majority of alertness research focuses on finding antecedents rather than outcomes.As a result, this research supports the notion that alertness has a beneficial impact on entrepreneurial intention.This conclusion also implies that alertness is an essential factor for entrepreneurship instructors to consider when teaching students about the effects of personal characteristics on entrepreneurial intention.
The sixth hypothesis, which predicts that entrepreneurial intention has a beneficial effect on entrepreneurial behavior, is also acceptable, as are the findings of earlier studies (Shinnar et al., 2018).Real activities or behaviors, not intentions, are called entrepreneurial behavior.As a result, a committed effort is required to turn this intention into action in order to foster entrepreneurial behavior.Students in their final year of university who are the subject of this study will shortly conclude their studies at university.Therefore, it is very important to instill in these prospective graduates a strong readiness and determination to start a new business.Even if possible, before graduating, they have actually run real business activities as an embodiment of entrepreneurial behavior.According to Schlaegel & Koenig (2014), entrepreneurial intention offers strength so that individuals might be motivated to engage in entrepreneurial behavior.Schlaegel & Koenig's (2014) opinion applies and is appropriate for these final-year students.
Regarding the seventh and eighth hypotheses, passion and alertness mediate the partial relation between creativity and entrepreneurial intention.This finding is consistent with the existing literature (Fuller et al., 2018;Hu et al., 2018).It also reflects that passion and alertness are essential factors to consider while exploring how an individual's personality can be influenced by entrepreneurial intention.With this finding, this study contributes to entrepreneurial research by showing cognitive variable plays a vital role in developing entrepreneurial process theories (Frank et al., 2007).

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The findings of this study confirm the significant contribution of the predictors that affect entrepreneurial behavior.This study can fill a literature gap by providing evidence of the combined effects of creativity, passion, alertness, and entrepreneurial intention.More comprehensively, they show that entrepreneurial behavior is linked to students' decisions to execute and turn their ideas into reality on business prospects in their immediate environment rather than just stopping at the level of intention.Recognized by many researchers, the beginning of the entrepreneurial process is a complicated stage, and there is a need to continue to identify the variables that trigger entrepreneurial behavior.Thus, this study's results can enrich the study of entrepreneurial behavior.This study has filled a gap in the literature showing that creativity, passion, and vigilance are the three critical factors in the entrepreneurial process.
This study also suggests some implications.First, this study contributes to the role of the planned behavior theory in configuring three predictors that can affect intention in the world of entrepreneurship.Indeed, the three predictors are not directly related to entrepreneurship behavior, considering that intention is still the best predictor of behavior according to the theory of planned behavior.Some limitations in this study may allow future researchers to fill up the gaps.This study assesses students' entrepreneurial purpose and conducts using three predictors: creativity, passion and alertness.This study focuses solely on final-year students in Indonesia, particularly at the bachelor's degree level.Other levels of education are not the subject of inquiry in this study.Second, the sample size is considered too small by some parties.Third, because this study's research is a cross-sectional survey using data obtained by a self-report questionnaire, the conclusions of the analysis may have certain issues.Therefore, future researchers are highly encouraged to do design studies on a more diverse sample (e.g., different educational levels) to contribute more to the entrepreneurship literature.Future research could apply the concepts developed in this study to a diverse population, such as small or medium-sized businesses or employees, to improve organizational performance.According to this study, future research should combine investigations into various determinants of entrepreneurial behavior and entrepreneurial intention related to the realm of entrepreneurship.
Figure 1.Research Model Source: Author's work

Five
hundred questionnaires were sent over a seven-month data collection period (February 2021 to August 2021).Four hundred eleven students engaged by filling out the questionnaire, resulting in an 82.2 % participation rate.Of the total questionnaires collected, 242 (58.9%) were filled out by female students, and male students filled out the remaining 169 questionnaires (41.1%).The average age of final-year students is in the age range of 22-23 years.The students are spread in Indonesian students' entrepreneurial behavior: The of creativity, passion,… Adrie Oktavio et al.

Table 1 .
Validity and Reliability Tests

entrepreneurial behavior: The effect of creativity, passion,… Adrie Oktavio et al. implementing
the Merdeka Learning Campus program, which focuses on developing entrepreneurship education.The objective is that students are not too dependent on other people for their careers (e.g., working for companies).Students are expected to be able to open their own businesses and create jobs for others.Fourth, the university must focus on the characteristics of entrepreneurship among students, build bridges with industry as facilitators for students, and adopt innovative technology related to increasing entrepreneurial studies.